The risk of cold injury can be minimized by proper equipment design, safe work practices and appropriate clothing:

通過正確的裝備設(shè)計、安全工作實踐和妥當?shù)囊轮?，可以把寒冷損傷的危險降到最低。

·???????? Equipment Design: For work below the freezing point, metal handles and bars should be covered by thermal insulating material. Also, machines and tools should be designed so that they can be operated without having to remove mittens or gloves

·???????? 裝備設(shè)計：對于冰點溫度以下的工作，應(yīng)使用絕熱材料覆蓋金屬把手和欄桿。同樣，在設(shè)計機器和工具時，應(yīng)保證在操作時不需要脫掉手套。

·???????? Surveillance and Monitoring: When outdoor temperature is below the freezing point, temperature and air speed should be monitored at least every 4 hours.

·???????? 溫度檢測：當室外溫度低于冰點時，應(yīng)至少每四小時檢測一次溫度和風(fēng)速。

·???????? Emergency Procedures: Procedures for providing first aid and obtaining medical care should be clearly outlined. For each shift, at least one trained person should be assigned the responsibility of attending to emergencies.

·???????? 緊急應(yīng)變程序：明確闡述急救和獲得醫(yī)療保健的程序。每個班組都應(yīng)至少有一個受過緊急情況培訓(xùn)的人。

·???????? Training: Workers and supervisors involved with work in cold environments should be informed about symptoms of adverse effect exposure to cold, proper clothing habits, safe work practices, physical fitness requirements for work in cold, and emergency procedures in case of cold injury. While working in cold, a buddy system should be used. Look out for one another and be alert for the symptoms of hypothermia.

·???????? 培訓(xùn)：在寒冷環(huán)境下工作的員工和管理者應(yīng)當了解暴露在寒冷天氣里的不良癥狀、正確的穿衣習(xí)慣、安全工作實踐、寒冷環(huán)境中工作的體能要求以及寒冷凍傷后的緊急應(yīng)變程序等。當在寒冷條件下工作時，應(yīng)當使用兩人同行制，各負責(zé)另一人的安全，以警惕發(fā)生低溫癥狀。

·???????? PPE for working in the cold : Protective clothing is needed for work below 4°C. Clothing should be selected to suit the temperature, weather conditions, the level and duration of activity, and job design. Clothing should be worn in multiple layers which provide better protection than a single thick garment. The air between layers of clothing provides better insulation than the clothing itself.

·???????? 個人防護裝備：在低于4攝氏度下工作時，需要穿著防護服。在防護服的選擇上應(yīng)考慮到溫度、天氣情況、勞動程度、持續(xù)時間以及工作設(shè)計。相對只穿一件厚衣服來說，穿多層衣服可以得到更好的保護。各層衣服間的空氣所起到的隔熱作用要超過衣服本身。

Uncomfortably cold working conditions can lead to lower work efficiency and higher accident rates. Cold impairs the performance of complex mental tasks. Manual tasks are also impaired because the sensitivity and dexterity of fingers are reduced in the cold. At even lower temperatures, the cold affects the deeper muscles resulting in reduced muscular strength and stiffened joints. Mental alertness is reduced due to cold-related discomfort. For all these reasons accidents are more likely to occur in very cold working conditions. Women are generally at a greater risk of cold injury than men. Diseases of the blood circulation system, fatigue, consumption of alcohol or some medications, smoking can increase the risks.

不幸的是，寒冷的工作條件不僅使工作效率降低，還會增加發(fā)生事故的幾率。寒冷會削弱復(fù)雜的腦力勞動的表現(xiàn)。手工勞動同樣會受到影響，因為寒冷會降低手指的靈敏度和靈活性。當溫度更低時，寒冷甚至?xí)绊懙礁畹募∪?，致使肌肉力量降低和關(guān)節(jié)僵硬。寒冷帶來的不適會降低神經(jīng)的警覺性?；谏鲜鲈?，在非常寒冷的條件下是很容易發(fā)生事故的。女性比男性更容易受到寒冷損傷。血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的疾病、疲勞、酒精或服用某些藥物、吸煙都使上述風(fēng)險增大。