Cooling of body parts may result in various cold injuries - non-freezing injuries, freezing injuries - and hypothermia which is the most serious.

身體各部分受冷后會(huì)引起各種各樣的寒冷損傷—非凍傷、凍傷以及最嚴(yán)重的低體溫癥。

Toes, fingers, ears and nose are at greatest risk because these areas do not have major muscles to produce heat. In addition, the body will preserve heat by favoring the internal organs and thus reducing the flow of blood to the extremities under cold conditions. Hands and feet tend to get cold more quickly than the torso because:

腳趾、手指、耳朵和鼻子是最容易受到寒冷損傷的器官，因?yàn)樗鼈儧](méi)有可以產(chǎn)生熱量的肌肉。此外，在寒冷的環(huán)境里，身體會(huì)降低流向四肢的血液流動(dòng)速度來(lái)為內(nèi)部器官保留熱量。人的手腳比軀干冷的更快的原因有：

·???????? they lose heat more rapidly since they have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, and

·???????? 因?yàn)槭趾湍_的表面積與體積的比例更大，所以它們更容易散失熱量；

·???????? they are more likely to be in contact with colder surfaces than other parts of the body.

·???????? 與身體其它部分相比，手和腳接觸寒冷表面的機(jī)會(huì)更多。

If the eyes are not protected with goggles in high wind chill conditions, the corneas of the eyes may freeze.

在高風(fēng)寒的條件下，如果沒(méi)有佩戴護(hù)目鏡的話，眼角膜可能會(huì)被凍住。

The most severe cold injury is hypothermia which occurs from excessive loss of body heat and the consequent lowering of the inner core temperature (internal temperature of the body). Hypothermia can be fatal.

低體溫癥是最嚴(yán)重的寒冷損傷，由于體內(nèi)熱量的大量流失，內(nèi)部核心溫度（身體內(nèi)部溫度）持續(xù)降低。低體溫癥將是致命的。

First aid for frostbite includes:

凍傷急救包括：

·???????? If possible, move the victim to a warm area.

·???????? 如果可能的話，將傷者轉(zhuǎn)移到溫暖的區(qū)域。

·???????? Loosen or remove constricting clothing or jewelry that may restrict circulation.

·???????? 放松或脫掉緊身的衣服或首飾以避免限制血液流通。

·???????? Loosely cover the affected area with a dressing. Place some gauze between fingers and toes to absorb moisture and prevent them from sticking together.

·???????? 用衣服覆蓋在受傷的部位上。在手指和腳趾之間放上紗布吸收濕氣以防止它們粘結(jié)在一起。

·???????? Quickly transport the victim to an emergency care facility.

·???????? 把傷者快速運(yùn)送到急救設(shè)備上。

·???????? Do not attempt to rewarm the affected area on site, but do try to stop the area from becoming any colder. Without the proper facilities, tissue that has been warmed may refreeze and cause more damage.

·???????? 在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)不要試圖使受傷部位重新暖和起來(lái)，但是要盡量去阻止這些部位變的更冷。在沒(méi)有合適的設(shè)備時(shí)，變暖的紙巾可能會(huì)結(jié)冰，從而帶來(lái)更大的損害。

·???????? Do not rub area or apply dry heat.

·???????? 不要摩擦受傷部位或者提供干熱。

·???????? Do not allow the victim to drink alcohol or smoke.

·???????? 不要讓傷者喝酒或吸煙。

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降雪會(huì)使能見(jiàn)度嚴(yán)重降低，產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)路況，積雪甚至?xí)旱箻淠尽㈦娋€，或使屋頂坍塌。

Rain in winter can have serious impacts when it falls on an existing snowpack or on frozen ground.

冬季下雨會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的影響，它將使地面上有積雪或結(jié)冰。

Freezing rain is precipitation that falls in liquid form at first but then falls through a layer of cold air. If this layer of cold air is thick enough and the air temperature is below freezing, the precipitation freezes on contact with the ground (or an object that is below freezing temperature), forming a coating of ice on its surface. Driving and even walking can be dangerous in such conditions. As well, ice coated utility lines or poles can be brought down due to the excess weight of the ice.

凍雨降水的初始狀態(tài)是液態(tài)的，并隨后進(jìn)入冷空氣層。當(dāng)冷空氣層足夠厚且空氣溫度低于冰點(diǎn)時(shí)，降水在與地面（或者某個(gè)低于冰點(diǎn)的物體）接觸的時(shí)候就會(huì)結(jié)成冰，并在表面形成一層薄冰。在這種條件下駕車或是步行都是非常危險(xiǎn)的，此外，覆冰的公用線路或電線桿可能會(huì)因?yàn)楸闹亓窟^(guò)重而被壓倒。

Fog reduces visibility due to suspended water droplets. Driving any vehicle in low visibilities due to fog can be hazardous, therefore speeds should be reduced accordingly。

由于懸浮小水滴的影響，霧使能見(jiàn)度降低。在能見(jiàn)度很低的霧天開車將是非常危險(xiǎn)的，所以車速要根據(jù)具體的情況有所降低。

All these weather conditions increase the risks of slips and trips when walking in the plant and the risk of car accidents. Internal roads and pathways must be cleaned as soon as possible and salt can be spread on the roads to lower the freezing point of the water. Drivers must adapt the speed of their cars to the external conditions.

以上天氣狀況都會(huì)增加在工廠行走時(shí)滑倒或被絆倒以及發(fā)生車禍的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。工廠內(nèi)部的道路要盡快的進(jìn)行清理，并在道路上撒鹽以提高冰點(diǎn)溫度。司機(jī)同志則要根據(jù)外部條件的情況來(lái)控制車速。

Leakages of water or steam can create ice stalactites. They are very dangerous when they are hung up in racks or on the edges of roofs, over pathways. They must be removed as soon as possible, and if it is not possible barricades must be set up to avoid circulation under them.

水或者蒸汽的泄漏可能會(huì)形成冰柱。當(dāng)這些冰柱懸掛在道路上方的架子或是房頂邊緣時(shí)，將是非常危險(xiǎn)的。它們必須盡快被清理掉，如果不能清理的話，那就必須設(shè)置路障以避免行人路過(guò)。

To clean frozen process equipment, workers use frequently steam provided by a hose linked to a steam pipe. There are risks of burn, especially if the connection between the hose and the pipe is not adequate and so that the hose can be thrown-out of the connection. Connection must be adapted according to Blue Star Headquarters requirements.

對(duì)于結(jié)冰工藝設(shè)備的清理，工人經(jīng)常使用的工具是一根連在蒸汽管上的軟管。在使用時(shí)有被燙傷的危險(xiǎn)，特別是當(dāng)軟管與蒸汽管連接的不太合適的時(shí)候，軟管可能會(huì)被甩出去。因此，軟管與蒸汽管的連接必須要符合藍(lán)星集團(tuán)總公司的要求。